The following terms in boldface (as well as a few concepts not specifically listed, but indicated in these review questions) are drawn from Chapter 8 and class lectures on this material. You should know all of these terms, including their (1) spelling, (2) pronunciation, and (3) definition, and be able to use them correctly in speaking and writing about music.

Please note that while you are not responsible for Listening on this test, you may find it useful to review the examples in Chapter 8 included on the CD accompanying the textbook. You will be tested on the Listening examples in a separate Listening quiz.

1. What is the "state of Jazz" in the late 1940s and 1950s? In addition to "Bebop," what other (older) styles are being played?
2. In addition to traditional jazz clubs and dance halls, what new venues (places to perform) were open to jazz musicians in the 1950s?
3. Why did some jazz musicians in the late 1940s-early 1950s think of themselves as "artists" and what effect does this have on how and why they make certain kinds of music?
4. What changes in recording technology emerge in the post-World War II years,a dn what effect does that have on jazz? What are LPs ("long playing" records) and what is overdubbing?
5. What is "cool" jazz, and how does it differ in sound and attitude from Bebop and other earlier styles? What specific traits define the "cool" sound?
6. What were the "Birth of the Cool" recording sessions, when did they take place, and who was the leader for these sessions? What was the specific instrumentation used for these recordings, and what unusual instruments (not typically heard in jazz) were used? Who were Gil Evans and Gerry Mulligan, and how did they contribute to these sessions?
7. Who were some important jazz musicians who adopted the "cool" styles, and what were some of the ways in which various performers adapted other influences to the "cool" sound?
8. Who were the Modern Jazz Quartet ("MJQ"), what specific instruments were in their ensemble, and how did their sound include western Classical influences? What is counterpoint, and how is that part of the MJQ sound? Why did MJQ often wear tuxedos in performance?
9. What sort of modern influences are heard in the music of Dave Brubeck? Which basic element of music is most distinctive in Brubeck's music and in what way? Why was Brubeck's group popular on college campuses, and what sorts of individuals might like his music?
10. Who was Stan Getz and in what styles of jazz did he begin his career? What international style influenced his music in the late 1950s-1960s and made him commercially very popular? What is the bossa nova (from where does it come)?
11. How are the influences of the Black religious experience heard in jazz in the 1950s? What is the sound of "funk" (see "Moanin'" by Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers)?

Materials for Test 2 end here. Any review questions below this notice or on later review sheets will be for the Final Exam.

12. How and why might the sound of Afro-Cuban elements be heard in the music of Horace Silver and other jazz musicians?
13. Who was Cannonball Adderley and with whom did he first play as a sideman? What sorts of sounds did Adderley's own group favor?
14. What happened to many big band vocalists after the swing era? Where did they perform, and how did they help bring jazz to a wider audience? Who were some important jazz vocalists in the 1950s and 60s (and beyond)?