The following terms in boldface (as well as a few concepts not specifically listed, but indicated in these review questions) are drawn from Chapter 1 and class lectures on this material. You should know all of these terms, including their (1) spelling, (2) pronunciation, and (3) definition, and be able to use them correctly in speaking and writing about music.

Please note that while you are not responsible for Listening on this test, you may find it useful to review the examples in Chapter 1 included on the CD accompanying the textbook.

1. What is Jazz? Where did it begin, who first made it, and what are its defining traits?
2. What is (was) the music of Black Africans like, and how does it relate to music made by African-Americans? Which regions of Africa are most relevant to American music? What are the basic sounding traits of most African music?
3. What was the music of African-Americans like in the era before the Civil War? Which African-Americans are most relevant to the pre-history of Jazz?
4. What are Spirituals, Ring shouts, and Work songs? Who made them and what are some of their sounding traits? What problems, if any, arose when these African-American musical styles were transcribed (written down)?
5. What was Minstrelsy, and what are some of its defining traits? Who were characters like "Jim Crow" and "Zip Coon"? What sorts of things occurred in a Minstrel show, and did they relate to genuine African-American life? What was the music of the Minstrel show like, and what were some of the favored instruments?
6. What was vaudeville (or musical theater), and how did it relate to Minstrelsy? What sorts of music were presented on the stage? What were "ethnic songs"? What were "coon songs", and how did they relate (or lead to) other types of African-American music?
7. What is Ragtime? When, where, and from what influences did it originate? How does it related to "coon songs" and the cakewalk? What are ragtime's typical performing forces, and what are some of its basic stylistic traits? Who was an important composer of ragtime? (Know at least one name.)
8. What are the Blues? When, where, and from what influences did this style originate? What are its typical performing forces, especially in its earliest years, and also later? Who were some important performers of the Blues? (Know at least one male and one female performer.)
9. What is the typical structure or form of the blues? (Be able to diagram or explain it.) How is "call and response" an important aspect of Blues performance? How does the Blues conflict with traditional Western notions of pitch? (see p. 16, etc., in textbook.)
10. In all of these styles, be aware of such issues and influences as oral traditions vs. notated music, the use of improvisation vs. reading music exactly, White European influences vs. African-American traditions. Know which of these influences (and similar dichotomies) are more important in each of the musical styles discussed.