Kantian Ethics:

1.  What is the ultimate principle or rule of morality in Kant's ethical theory?
2.  Why is that rule or principle an ultimate rule?
3.  What are the two (there are actually three, but we are dealing only with the first two) formulations of the Categorical Imperative?  What do they mean?  How do they apply to Kant's own examples of the lying promise, suicide, developing talents, and the duty we have to be beneficent?  What about other examples that you might derive for yourself?
4.  What does it mean to say that Kant's ethical theory is deontological?  What does it mean to say that Mill's ethical theory is teleological?
5.  What is duty, according to Kant?
6.  What is the only thing good without qualification?  Why is this the case?
7.  What is the difference between a categorical imperative and a hypothetical imperative, and why is it that Kant claims that the hypothetical imperative cannot serve as the foundation of a true moral system?
8.  How does Kant justify the claim that nature intended reason to be the ruler of the will?

Utilitarian Ethics:

1.  What is the ultimate principle of morality for Utilitarian ethical theory?  How is it expressed?
2.  What is happiness?  How and why does Mill distinguish between higher and lower pleasures?
3.  What is it, from Kantian moral theory, that makes Mill's principle of morality a "hypothetical imperative"?
4.  What are the major objections to Utilitarianism and how does Mill respond to them?
5.  How does Mill attempt to prove or justify the principle of utility?

PEIRCE
1.  What is the meaning of the term 'fixation of belief'?
2.  How does Peirce describe the difference and relationship between belief and inquiry?
3.  What are the four methods of "fixing" belief, what are their characteristics, and how do they work?
4.  What are the benefits of the method of empirical science?

WILLIAM JAMES

1. What is the distinction between hard determinism, soft determinism, and indeterminism?

2.   What are the tow major types of hard determinism?

3. In what ways are soft determinists in agreement with hard determinists?

4. How does d'Holbach define 'will'?

5. How does he define and describe 'free will'?

6. How does William James define and describe 'soft determinsm'?

7. What does it mean to say that there is a "loose play among the parts of the universe" and that "possibilities exceed actualities" for William James?

8. What is the dilemma of determinism?  What does it have to do with judgments of regret?

9. In "The Will to Believe," how are 'hypothesis,' 'option,' and 'genuine option' defined?  How is this related to the will to believe?

10. What is Pascal's Wager?  What are the essential elements of this position?  What are some major criticisms of it?

11. Define 'theodicy'