Plato's Apology
Four Socratic Maxims: Relation
to the charges. Picture of the life of tending to the soul.
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Wisdom is, in truth, worth nothing at all.
Oracle, poets, politicians. .
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No one willingly does evil to himself.
Ethical determinism.
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The unexamined life is not worth living.
Merely living is not enough. Prefers an honorable death to an inauthentic
existence.
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No evil can happen to a good man in life or after
death. Influence on the stoics. Nothingness, transmigration.
Evil does not happen to someone, but is what one does or allows others
to do. True evil is not an affliction, but how one lets events affect
him.
A. Plea for an impartial hearing. Existing prejudices.
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Aristophanes. "Makes the worse argument the stronger."
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Delphic Oracle.
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Later accusers. Anytus and Meletus. Corruption and atheism.
B. Direct reply to Meletus
Corruption - who improves the youth of Athens?
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No evil voluntarily.
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Atheism and various gods
C. Vindication of Life and Conduct
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Not abandon philosophy - gods to be obeyed above all. 1) Has a duty
to self, god, state. 2) All things have a function. Unique function
of human being is to deploy reason well.
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Proposal of penalty = admit guilt. 1) Prytaneum - public benefactor.
Exile. Maxim 2. Philosophical and religious obligation are
the same.
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Public benefactor, one mina.
Charges:
Origin: Oracle - Human wisdom is worth little or nothing.
"I go around seeking out anyone...whom I think wise. Then if I don't
think he is, I come to the assistance of the god and show him that he is
not wise."
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No one would rather be harmed than benefitted
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No one willingly does evil to himself.
Atheism.
Corruption
Closing speech:
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If acquitted will not cease. The gods have commanded him. "The
unexamined life is not worth living."
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Not guilty of harming the young.
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Benefactor
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No exile.
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Proposal of a Fine
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Characteristics of death
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A good man cannot be harmed in life or after death.
Concluding Observation: Reconcile the meaning and purpose of
life.
Life has meaning, punctuated by an element of futility.
Futility - Human wisdom is worth little or nothing.
The striving for knowledge, truth, and understanding is futile, incomplete,
and partial. One will never approximate the wisdom of the god.
How can one reconcile meaningfulness and futility? Ideas are guides
of conduct that we will never perfectly attain.