Outline, ZOO 3713C, Fall Semester, 2003
Introduction
The comparative approach
as insight into evolution
Terms and concepts
·
Ontogeny
·
Embryology
·
Phylogeny
·
Analogy
·
Homology
·
Divergent Evolution
·
Homoplasy
·
Reversal
·
Convergence
·
Parallel Evolution
More about homology and
analogy
·
How do we establish
homology
The concept of
recapitulation
·
Haeckel’s
original proposition
·
von Baer’s
Law
·
Biogenetic Law
·
Developmental
constraint and integration
·
Phylogenetic
constraint
Important evolutionary
principles
·
Continuity of structure
·
Use and disuse
·
Heterochrony
·
Neoteny
·
Paedomorphosis
·
Hypermorphosis
·
Coexistence and
Ancestry
·
Adaptation through
natural selection
·
Constancy of
environmental change
Most evolution is
adaptive
Natural Selection
Anagenesis = phyletic
transformation
Cladogenesis = splitting
= speciation
The Phylum Chordata
Basic chordate
characters
·
notochord
·
dorsal hollow nerve
chord
·
pharyngeal
“gill” slits or clefts
“Protochordates”
·
Urochordata - sea
squirts, larvaceans, thaliaceans
·
Cephalochordata -
amphioxus or lancelet
Vertebrata
·
Vertebrate
characteristics
·
Vertebrate
diversity and classification (details in handout)
·
Review of
vertebrate phylogeny and evolution
Embryology
Egg size, cleavage
patterns, yolk distribution
Origin of embryonic germ
layers
·
Ectoderm
·
Endoderm
·
Mesoderm
·
Chordomesoderm
·
Notochord
·
Different
mechanisms of “mesoderm” formation
·
Organization of the
vertebrate body plan relative to the germ layers
·
Derivatives of the
germ layers
Skeletal System
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton
·
Tissues -
notochord, bone, cartilage, dentine, enameloid
Cartilage
·
Composition
·
Types
·
Growth
Bone
·
Composition
·
Types
·
Growth
·
Joints
Organization of the
endoskeleton
·
Axial
·
Vertebral Column
·
Ribs and Sternum
·
Skull
·
Visceral Skeleton
·
Appendicular
·
Paired and unpaired
appendages
·
Girdles
Axial Skeleton
·
Vertebral column
·
Evolution
·
Embryological
origin of vertebrae
·
Fossil history of
vertebrae
·
Types and diversity
of modern vertebrae
·
Regionalization
·
Ribs
·
Primary vs
Secondary Ribs
·
Dorsal ribs and
ventral (pleural) ribs in fishes
·
Articulation of
ribs with vertebrae
·
Sternum
·
Origin and
variation
·
Articulation with
ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
·
Origin of paired
appendages
·
Paired Fins
·
Lobe fins vs ray
fins
·
Organization of the
tetrapod limb
·
Modifications of
the basic plan
·
Pectoral Girdle
·
Primary Girdle
·
Dermal Girdle
·
Pelvic Girdle
·
Unpaired Appendages
·
Strong convergence
- dorsal fins
·
Caudal fin types in
fishes
Visceral Skeleton
·
No jaws vs jaws
·
Gills vs no gills
·
Generalized gill
arch and possible evolution of jaws
·
The
splanchnocranium vs the hyobranchium
·
Types of jaw
suspension
·
Derivatives of the
visceral skeleton
·
Jaws -
splanchnocranial components plus dermal skeleton additions
Skull
·
Major building
blocks
·
Neurocranium
·
Sensory capsules
·
Dermocranium
(Dermatocranium)
·
Splanchnocranium
·
Overview of
mammalian skull organization
·
Variations on the
basic plan
·
Assimilation,
fusion
·
Decrease in dermal
elements in skull
·
Hypertrophy of
dermal jaws
·
Evolution of sound
conducting routes
·
Changes in the
mandibular suspensirium
·
Dissociation of
skull and pectoral girdle
·
Formation of
temporal fossae
·
Formation of
secondary palate
·
Cranial kinesis
Muscular System
Types of muscle tissue
·
Smooth
(Involuntary)
·
Striated (Skeletal,
Voluntary)
·
Cardiac
Primitive, basic
organization of skeletal muscles
Embryonic origin of
muscle types
·
Epimere - myotomic
muscles
·
Hypomere -
branchiomeric muscles
Axial Muscle
Organization
·
Epaxial
·
Hypaxial
Appendicular Muscles
·
Primary - Intrinsic
·
Secondary -
Extrinsic
Integumentary Muscles
·
Types, origins
Facial Muscles
·
Types, origins,
importance
Electric Organs
·
Types, origins,
importance
Integumentary System
Basic organization of
vertebrate integument
·
Epidermis
·
Dermis
·
Variations on the
plan
Dermis and its
derivatives
·
Primary dermal
armor
·
Dermal scales,
scale evolution
·
Secondary dermal
armor
Epidermis and its
derivatives
·
Epidermal seal
·
Epidermal growth,
shedding
·
Epidermal scales
·
Feathers
·
Hair
·
Nails
·
Horns
·
Glands
Skin Pigments
The Coelom
Organization
Compartments
Stages of evolution
Digestive System
Buccal Cavity
·
Teeth
·
Origin
·
Basic anatomy
·
Number, form,
replacement, attachment, modifications
·
Tongue
·
Oral glands
Esophagus
·
Crop
Stomach
·
Basic organization
·
Modifications
·
Gizzard stomach
·
Ruminate stomach
Intestine
·
Regionalization
·
Variations in
length
·
Valves
Liver
Pancreas
Respiratory System
Olfactory system
·
Choanae
Organs of aquatic
respiration
·
Internal pharyngeal
gills
·
External pharyngeal
gills
·
Other
Organs of aerial
respiration
·
Lungs
·
Other
Review contributions of
pharynx
Evolution of pharyngeal
gills
·
Derivatives of the
pharynx
Structure of internal
gills in a shark and bony fish
Structure and
distribution of external gills
Air Bladders vs lungs vs
swim bladders
·
Characteristics of
lungs
·
Characteristics of
swim bladders
·
Intermediate types
Fish with pharyngeal
gills and lung-like swim bladders
Tetrapod lungs
·
Basic structure
·
Basic lung function
·
Unique structure of
bird lungs
Urogenital System
How the urinary and
reproductive systems are related
The Holonephros
Glomerular structure
·
Stages of evolution
·
Relationship to
coelom
·
Structure and
function
Structure and function
of the metanephros
The peritubular
capillary network
Kidney types in
vertebrates
·
Embryonic,
transitional, adult
·
Holonephros
(Archinephros)
·
Pronephros
·
Opisthonephros
·
Mesonephros
·
Metanephros
Osmoregulation in fish
Kidney and genital ducts
·
Mullerian ducts,
oviducts
·
Holonephric,
opisthonephric ducts
·
Wolffian ducts
·
Ureter
·
Ductus deferens
Evolution of urogenital
ducts
Male-female homologies
Regionalization of the
oviducts
·
Types of uteri in
mammals
The cloaca
·
Relationship to
digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
Urinary Bladder
·
Tubal
·
Cloacal
·
Allantoic
Gonads
·
Basic anatomy and
function
·
Testicular
Displacement
Copulatory organs for
internal fertilization
·
Gonopodium
·
Hemipenes
·
Claspers
·
Penis
Male-female homologies
in external genitalia
The Cleidoic Egg
Problems in vertebrate
reproduction
·
Challenges of the
terrestrial environment
Adaptations of the
cleidoic egg
Extraembryonic membranes
Circulatory System
Components
·
Vascular system
·
Lymphatic system
·
Hemopoietic organs
·
Blood
Structure of arteries,
veins, capillaries
Hypothetical
prevertebrate vascular system
·
Arterial plan
·
Venous plan
Heart
·
Location, basic
structure
·
Changes during
evolution
·
Fish stage
·
Early tetrapod
stage
·
Primitive
cold-blooded stage
·
Advanced cold-blooded
stage
·
Warm-blooded stage
·
Diversity in
reptiles
Aortic arches
·
Primitive
structure, organization
·
Modifications in
fishes
·
Modifications in
tetrapods
·
Embryological
evidence
·
Circulation to
external gills
Modifications of the
primitive venous plan
·
What is a portal
system
·
Evolution of the
hepatic portal system
·
Evolution of the
postcava
·
Formation of the
renal portal system
·
Formation of the
protopostcava
·
Formation of
supracardinals
·
Loss of renal
portal system
·
Evolution of the
precava
Nervous System
Components
·
Central
·
Peripheral
Structure and function
of a neuron
Nerve fiber types
·
Motor (efferent)
·
Sensory (afferent)
Cranial Nerves
·
Numbers, names of
cranial nerves
·
Evolution of
cranial nerves
Spinal Nerves
·
Structure of spinal
nerves
·
Motor and sensory
pathways
·
Associated ganglia
·
Nerve plexi
·
Evolution of
pathways
Anatomy of the spinal
cord
Simple reflex arc
Autonomic nervous system
·
Symapthetic
·
Function
·
Nerves involved
·
Preganglionic
fibers
·
Postganglionic
fibers
·
Collateral ganglia
·
Parasympathetic
·
Function
·
Nerves involved
·
Preganglionic
fibers
·
Postganglionic
fibers
·
Ganglia
Meninges of the CNS
Brain
·
Basic organization
·
Ventricles
·
Ontogenetic/phylogenetic
development
·
Major landmarks in
the brain
·
Structure
·
Function